11 Triggers of Dry Eye, and What to Do About Them

Are your chronic eye symptoms due to dry eye syndrome? Here are some risk factors for dry eye, and what to do about them.

By Amanda Gardner

 

How to tell if you have dry eye

There are lots of reasons your eyes may feel dry at any given time, including staring at the computer too long; a dry, windy day; and allergies. But if you have chronic eye symptoms that include burning, stinging or itching (among others) you may have a condition called dry eye syndrome, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). In fact, one sign of KCS is counterintuitive—excessive tearing or watery eyes—which is just one more sign that there's an underlying problem with the lubrication of the eye.
If you have chronic eye symptoms and one or more of the following risk factors, you may have dry eye syndrome. Read on to find out how to get the right treatment, reclaim your quality of life, and protect your eyes from future damage.
 

You're getting older

Aging affects all parts of your body and the eyes are no exception. Up to 30% of people over the age of 50 have dry eye, even more in the 65-plus crowd. As you get older, your ability to produce tears declines. This may be because your tear ducts have become obstructed over time or because of inflammation, which can be a byproduct of aging, says Janet Cushing, OD, a clinical optometrist at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health in Madison. Fortunately, dry eye as a result of aging (or any other cause) doesn't have to be severe and, although it can affect quality of life, it is also usually treatable.
 

You're on the pill, pregnant, or menopausal

Among the millions of Americans who have dry eye, the majority are women. One of the main reasons is that after menopause, women just don't produce as many tears. And women who have an early menopause (in their 40s or younger) and develop dry eye run the risk of more damage to the surface of their eye simply because they've had the eye condition over a longer period of time. And it's not just menopause. Other hormonal changes can have the same effect.
"Pregnancy, contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy [HRT] can all cause dry eye," says Cushing.
HRT is not as commonly used to treat menopausal symptoms as it was in the past due to a higher cancer risk, but combined estrogen and progesterone carries a much lower risk of dry eye than estrogen alone. (Because estrogen alone can raise the risk of endometrial cancer, it's usually reserved for women who have had a hysterectomy.)
 

ou have an autoimmune disease

Dry eye is associated with several different autoimmune disorders, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and Sjögren's Syndrome. In Sjögren's Syndrome, the immune system attacks the glands that make both tears and saliva, resulting not only in dry eye, but dry mouth as well. Autoimmune diseases can also cause imbalances in the three main components of tears: oil, water, and mucus. Any changes in tear composition can lead to dry eye.
Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' eye disease, is another autoimmune disorder. This time the immune systems attacks not only the thyroid gland but also muscles and tissue surrounding the eye. Dry eye is one result of the condition.
If you have one of these disorders, make sure it, and the dry eye, are treated.
 

You spend too much time on the computer

Yet another reason not to stay glued to the computer (or video game or Smartphone) for too long: It can cause your eyes to dry out. Why?
“Using the computer significantly decreases the blink rate and that’s how you lubricate your eyes,” says Cushing.
Blinking, which happens an average of 10 to 15 times a minute (roughly every four seconds), keeps the eyes moist with the proper balance of tears, oil, and mucus.
Blinking less often means tears evaporate more quickly. This can also occur with other activities involving intense concentration and focus such as reading, driving, or even sewing.
 

You've had eye surgery

Almost all people who undergo LASIK surgery to correct their vision will experience dry eye at least for a while.
"With LASIK, there is damage to the surface of the eye that can affect tear production," says Cushing. "Part of it is probably because nerves are cut and they are part of what tells the eyes to produce tears. It's like a feedback mechanism."
Fortunately, this type of dry eye is usually mild and only lasts three to six months. Still, it's important to get proper treatment as treating the dry eye will make sure the LASIK procedure is as successful as possible.
Dry eye can also result from other surgeries that affect the cornea (as LASIK does) and even from cosmetic surgery that involves the eyelids.
 

ou wear contact lenses

Many people also have dry eye before LASIK surgery, probably as a result of long-term contact lens use to correct the underlying vision problem. Contact lenses interfere with the layer of tears that normally covers and protects the surface of your eyes. This can cause tears to evaporate, leaving your eyes burning or feeling gritty. Wearing your lenses for shorter stretches of time or switching to another type of contact lens may help. Proclear disposal lenses claim to actually attract water to the eye. Or you could wear glasses more often or go for LASIK surgery. Even though dry eye is a side effect of the surgery, it's usually only a temporary one.
 

You take medications that up your risk

A wide variety of medications, both over-the-counter and prescription, have labels that note dry eyes as a potential side effect because they can decrease tear production. Some of the primary culprits are various blood pressure medications (diuretics and beta-blockers), sleeping pills, antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, painkillers, antihistamines and decongestants as well as some medications used to treat acne and Parkinson's disease. If you're experiencing dry eye and you're on one of these drugs, ask your doctor about switching to an alternative. If you can't switch and need to use lubricating artificial tear eye drops (which are available over-the-counter), talk to your doctor about how to use them correctly. Try to avoid drops with preservatives, which may irritate your eyes more than preservative-free drops. 

Your environment is dry

Dry air, whether it's indoors or outdoors, can aggravate your eyes. People who live in dry climates are more prone to developing dry eye, as are people at high altitudes. One study found that only 9% of participants at a lower altitude (about 700 feet above sea level) reported having dry eye while 20% of those at a higher altitude (more than 10,000 feet above sea level) said they suffered from the condition.
Dry indoor environments can have the same effect. This includes anywhere with air conditioning or heat, hospital environments, airplanes and many work environments.
Other environmental irritants include wind, smoke, fumes from chemicals, and sunlight.

You have diabetes

If left untreated or uncontrolled, diabetes causes progressive damage to your nerves. Polyneuropathy, a common form of diabetes nerve damage, can injure the network of nerves in more than one part of the body, including the front layer of the eye, the cornea. This interferes with tear production, causing you to blink less often, which means tears evaporate more easily.
One study found that three quarters of people with both diabetes and nerve damage had dry eyes, versus 44% of people with diabetes, but no nerve problems, and less than 30% of people without diabetes. In all, more than half of all people with diabetes have dry eyes.
Once nerve damage has happened, there's little you can do about it. The key is to prevent it beforehand is to control your blood sugar, and treat the dry eye with over-the-counter or prescription drops if you develop the condition.

You have a vitamin A deficiency

Not enough vitamin A can also lead to dry eyes, although this is more common in developing parts of the world. This is relatively easy to fix as the nutrient is found in many foods—leafy green vegetables like broccoli; orange-colored vegetables like sweet potatoes, carrots and pumpkin; and liver.
Other aspects of a healthy diet can be critical to eye health. Studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may reduce symptoms of dry eye. The compounds are found in fish (especially salmon and sardines), and walnuts. Here are the right (and wrong) ways to get your omega-3 fatty acids.

You have allergies

Allergies and dry eyes are practically synonymous, and the fact that the prevalence of dry eye closely mirrors the appearance of pesky seasonal allergens proves it. One study found that dry eye was most common in the spring and especially April, the same time pollen counts were highest. (Dry eye also peaked in the winter, though the authors speculated this had more to do with indoor heating.)
Unfortunately, many allergy medications also cause dry eye so if you're prone to this affliction, you may need to find other ways to protect yourself. Try wearing wraparound glasses when gardening or working in the yard or, if you are inside your house, use an air filter.  For more tips check out How to Stop Allergies at Home.